{"id":1640,"date":"2024-12-05T14:30:41","date_gmt":"2024-12-05T14:30:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/affiliate.wcu.edu\/teacherleaders\/?p=1640"},"modified":"2024-12-05T16:39:53","modified_gmt":"2024-12-05T16:39:53","slug":"story-based-lessons-with-system-of-least-prompts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/affiliate.wcu.edu\/teacherleaders\/blog\/2024\/12\/05\/story-based-lessons-with-system-of-least-prompts\/","title":{"rendered":"Story-Based Lessons with System of Least Prompts"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_4,3_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4><strong>The Problem:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;3_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Educators struggle with how to teach literacy skills to students with significant intellectual disabilities (Cooper-Duffy et al, 2010). First, students with significant intellectual disability demonstrate specific learning characteristics such as difficulty attending to stimuli, memory problems, generalization, self-regulation, problems with observational learning, and synthesizing skills (Westling &amp; Fox, 2009). Second, many educators do not know how to teach literacy skills to this population including the Extended Content Standards (Browder et al., 2008; Cooper-Duffy et al, 2010). Third, many students communicate nonverbally making it difficult to know how to teach phonological awareness and vocabulary instruction (Koppenhaver et al., 2007). Furthermore, knowing how to adapt reading and phonics instruction for learners who have multiple disabilities challenges educators (Browder et al., 2008). <span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Students must become active readers before they become independent readers.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_4,3_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4><strong>A Brief Overview:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;3_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Story-based lessons are used in conjunction with systematic instruction to teach literacy to students with severe intellectual and multiple disabilities. The premise behind this method of teaching literacy is derived from shared story activities whereby the teacher reads a story to a group of students and leads a discussion of themes, vocabulary, and events of the story (Browder &amp; Spooner, 2011).<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Shared story reading is an interactive read aloud that promotes student active engagement rather than passive listening with the teacher prompting systematically. The shared story reading experience involves students purposefully and strategically interacting with both the content of the book and the teacher before, during, and after the read aloud. For shared story reading to be successful for students with moderate and severe intellectual disability, adaptations and accommodations are designed and implemented to meet the unique needs of this population (Browder &amp; Spooner, 2011). This includes adapting books to be accessible while still being age appropriate, as well as developing story-based lessons that incorporate evidence-based practices (e.g., task analytic instruction, systematic prompting and feedback) into the lessons (Browder &amp; Spooner, 2011)<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_4,3_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Steps Toward Applying the Strategy:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;3_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Teachers must<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Select the story-based lesson for the grade level of student (Elementary, Middle or High school)<\/li>\n<li>Select 3-4 prompts for the prompting hierarchy that are needed for the specific characteristics of the students using the system of least prompts (e.g., gesture, picture, specific verbal, nonspecific verbal, model, physical).<\/li>\n<li>Prompt each step of the story-based lesson consistently using the system of least prompts until the student responds.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Specifically, the teacher implements each step of the task-analysis using a least intrusive prompting strategy (e.g., allow student to answer independently, then if needed provide a verbal prompt, then if needed provide a model prompt, then if needed provide a physical prompt) (Jimenez &amp; Kemmery, 2013). If the student was correct, specific verbal praise was provided. If the student makes an error, the teacher provides the next level of prompting to correct the error.<\/li>\n<li>Score the task analysis to note if the teacher completed the step correctly (+) or did not complete the step correctly (-) on the story-based task analysis and score if the student responded correctly (+) or incorrectly (-).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_4,3_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Initial Data:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;3_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><span>The growing body of research suggests specific benefits for this population include increase in responding of students to the literature, increase in communication skills, and promotion of listening comprehension (Browder et al, 2008; Hudson &amp; Test, 2011; Jimenez &amp; Kemmery, 2013).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_4,3_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4><strong>How Will This Solve The Problem?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;3_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><span>The use of story-based lessons and the system of least prompts provides teachers with an effective and efficient method for teaching literacy to students with severe disabilities. This strategy is effective for addressing the learning challenges for students with severe disabilities and can be adapted to meet the needs of learners who communicate nonverbally.<\/span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_4,3_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Potential Roadblocks:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;3_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>If teachers do not use good procedural fidelity with the story-based lesson and the system of least prompts the effectiveness of the intervention can be reduced.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Teachers may need to collaborate with general education teachers to ensure the literacy materials (e.g. types of books, graphic organizers, etc.) are on grade level for the learners with severe disabilities.<\/li>\n<li>Teachers may need to collaborate with librarians, IT specialists, occupational therapists, and speech and language pathologist to provide adequate adaptations and modification for the literacy materials so students can access literacy skills based on the extended state standards.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_4,3_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Level of Evidence:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;3_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><span>The literature was used to determine the level of evidence on shared story reading using story-based lessons with the system of least prompts to promote literacy for students with severe disabilities (Hudson &amp; Test, 2011).<\/span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><span>A<\/span><span>quality indicator checklist to determine research quality and standards to establish level of evidence was used with a strong, moderate or potential scale.<\/span><span> Based on the number and quality of the research reviewed, a moderate level of evidence was found for using shared story reading to promote literacy for students with extensive support needs (Hudson &amp; Test, 2011).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;2_5,3_5&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_5&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;Resources&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_heading][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;3_5&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_video src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=HaCPM1pm7x0&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_video][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_css_free_form=&#8221;td .emoji {||    font-size: 2.5em; \/* Adjust the size as needed *\/||    line-height: 1.2; \/* Adjust line-height if needed *\/||}||||#myTable td {||  vertical-align: top;}||||#myTable td:nth-child(2),||    #myTable td:nth-child(4) {||      width: 10%;}|||| #myTable td {||        vertical-align: top;||        padding: 8px;||        border: 1px solid #ddd;||    }||||    #myTable td:nth-child(3) {||        border-left: 1px solid #000;||    }||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4>Story Based Lesson Task Analysis for Elementary School Students<\/h4>\n<table id=\"myTable\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Teacher Action<\/th>\n<th>Teacher Result<\/th>\n<th>Student Reaction<\/th>\n<th>Student Result<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Teacher provides an opening attention getter that gains the students attention. Teacher prompts the student to engage with the bubbles.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<td>The student looks, touches, reaches or uses vocalization or Augmentative or Alternative (AAC) communication to interact with attention grabber. Student touches a bubble.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Teacher gives students an opportunity to independently explore the book for one minute. Teacher prompts the student to flip through the pages.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<td>The student looks through the book for one minute.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Teacher provides each student with 12 vocabulary words and reviews each vocabulary word with students, using prompting (zero-time delay)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<td>The student looks, points, or says the twelve vocabulary words.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Teacher asks each of the students to identify all the vocabulary words. Teacher calls out each word and waits for 5 s before prompting students to point or say the vocabulary word.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<td>The student looks, points, or says, to identify twelve vocabulary words.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Teacher asks students &#8220;What do you think the book is about?&#8221; Teacher provides the students with a vocabulary picture sheet, waits 5 s before prompting the students to point or say a prediction.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<td>The student looks, points, or says a prediction.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Teacher reads the title and ask student to point to the title, then waits 5 s before prompting students to point to the title.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<td>The student looks at or touches the title of the book.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Teacher asks the students &#8220;How do we get started?&#8221; and waits for 5s before prompting students to turn to the first page.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<td>The student turns to the first page of the book.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Teacher asks the student to read the repeated line, then waits 5 s before prompting students to point to a re- peated line and say or activate AAC to say repeated line (zero-time delay)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<td>The student reads text or repeated line. The student points to the repeated line and says or activates AAC.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Teacher gives the students the opportunity to turn the page independently, then waits 5s before prompting students to turn the page.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<td>The student turns the page of the book when appropriate.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Teacher pauses at least once during the story to ask students to find vocabulary word or symbol in the book, then waits 5 s before prompting students to point to word or symbol.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<td>The student points, says, or looks at correct vocabulary word\/picture.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Teacher asks first comprehension questions and waits 5s before prompting student to say or point to answer.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<td>The student points, says, or looks at \u00a0correct answer.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Teacher asks second comprehension questions and waits 5s before prompting student to say or point to answer.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<td>The student points, says, or looks at correct answer.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Teacher asks third comprehension questions and waits 5s before prompting students to say or point to answer.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<td>The student points, says, or looks at correct answer.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"emoji\">\u2295<\/span><br \/><span class=\"emoji\">\u2296<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> Story Based Lesson Task Analysis for Elementary School Students (Hyer &amp; Cooper-Duffy, 2019)<br \/>Note. Column 2: + = Teacher completed the step correctly; \u2013 = Teacher did not complete the step correctly. Column 4: + = student completed the step correctly and independently; \u2013 = student did not complete the step correctly or independently.<br \/>Source. Adapted from the story-based lesson task analysis by Browder, Trela, and Jimenez (2007).<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/affiliate.wcu.edu\/teacherleaders\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/48\/2022\/11\/Screen-Shot-2022-11-14-at-1.07.49-PM.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Screen Shot 2022-11-14 at 1.07.49 PM&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: right;\"><span>Prompt Hierarchy from Least to Most<\/span><\/h5>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_4,3_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4>Studies on the Subject:<\/h4>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;3_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Browder, D., Mims, P., Spooner, F., Ahlgrim-Delzell, L., &amp; Lee, A. (2008). Teaching elementary students with multiple disabilities to participate in shared stories. <i>Research &amp; Practices for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 33, <\/i>3-12.<\/p>\n<p><i><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Browder, D.\u00a0 &amp; Spooner, F. (2011). <i>Teaching students with moderate to severe disabilities.<\/i><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Guilford Press.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Browder, D., Spooner, F. &amp; Ahlgrim-Delzell, L. (2011). Literacy. In D.M. Browder &amp; F. Spooner. <i>Teaching students with moderate and severe disabilities<\/i>. (pp. 125-140). Guilford Press.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Cooper-Duffy, K., Hyer, G., &amp; Sisk, P. (2014). Teaching Literacy with functional skills<\/p>\n<p>to students with significant intellectual disability.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><i>Division on Autism and<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>Developmental Disabilities Online Journal, <\/i>37-55.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Cooper-Duffy, K., Szedja, P., &amp; Hyer, G. (2010). Teaching literacy to students with cognitive disabilities. <i>Teaching Exceptional Children, 43<\/i>, 30-39.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Hudson, M. &amp; Test, D. (2011).<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Evaluating the evidence base of shared story reading to promote literacy for students with extensive support needs.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><i>Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 36<\/i>(1), 34-45. <span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Hyer, G. &amp; Cooper-Duffy, K. (2019). Preparing interns to use functional story-based instruction to teach students with significant intellectual disabilities in rural schools. <i>Rural Special Education Quarterly<\/i>. 1-14<i> <span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><\/i><span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/8756870519826928<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Jimenez, B. &amp; Kemmery, M. (2013).<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Story-based lessons for students with severe intellectual disability: Implications for research-to-practice.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><i>Education Matters<\/i>, <i>1<\/i>(1), 80-89.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Koppenhaver, D., Hendrix, M., &amp; Williams, A. (2007). Toward evidence-based literacy interventions for children with severe and multiple disabilities. <i>Seminars in Speech and Language, 28, <\/i>79-89. doi:10.1055\/s-2007-967932<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Westing, D., &amp; Fox, L. (2009). <i>Teaching students with severe disabilities<\/i>. (4th ed.).<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Merrill\/Prentice Hall.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Educators struggle with how to teach literacy skills to students with significant intellectual disabilities (Cooper-Duffy et al, 2010). First, students with significant intellectual disability demonstrate specific learning characteristics such as difficulty attending to stimuli, memory problems, generalization, self-regulation, problems with observational learning, and synthesizing skills (Westling &#038; Fox, 2009). Second, many educators do not know how to teach literacy skills to this population including the Extended Content Standards (Browder et al., 2008; Cooper-Duffy et al, 2010). Third, many students communicate nonverbally making it difficult to know how to teach phonological awareness and vocabulary instruction (Koppenhaver et al., 2007). Furthermore, knowing how to adapt reading and phonics instruction for learners who have multiple disabilities challenges educators (Browder et al., 2008).   Students must become active readers before they become independent readers.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1640","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-briefs"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/affiliate.wcu.edu\/teacherleaders\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1640","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/affiliate.wcu.edu\/teacherleaders\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/affiliate.wcu.edu\/teacherleaders\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/affiliate.wcu.edu\/teacherleaders\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/affiliate.wcu.edu\/teacherleaders\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1640"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/affiliate.wcu.edu\/teacherleaders\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1640\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1662,"href":"https:\/\/affiliate.wcu.edu\/teacherleaders\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1640\/revisions\/1662"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/affiliate.wcu.edu\/teacherleaders\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1640"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/affiliate.wcu.edu\/teacherleaders\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1640"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/affiliate.wcu.edu\/teacherleaders\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1640"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}